Moral Theories Of Human Rights - 1614 Words

AFRICA UNIVERSITY Institute of Peace Leadership and Governance: Master of Human Rights Peace and Development What do you understand under the philosophy of human rights and the reality of moral theories? PROF G. MENELICK : PHR 500 Laurelle Mbaradza 160563 Date _______________________________11 February 2017 ABSTRACT The paper gives a roadmap on the foundations of human rights from the mediaeval to modern times. It explains the need for one to understand the philosophical foundations of human rights so that one can adequately understand human rights across the global divide. The author explores the nature of human rights in line with the various views of philosophers and early proponents of the concepts of human rights. She†¦show more content†¦The philosophy of human rights looks at the underlying basis of human rights and attempts to answer questions about the roots of human rights, their nature and justification. There are many theories that surround the formation of human rights such as religion, natural law, Positivism, Marxism and the sociological approach. However, all the above mentioned theories, the most widely discussed is the moral theory as the most prominent approach to the foundations of International human rights. Moral theories Proponents of moral theories classify human rights as ‘moral entitlements that all human beings possess by virtue of our common humanity’ . The approach states that a human right is not qualified by any legal instrument or any institution. The moral theories focus on the universality of human rights despite our various backgrounds such as race, culture, religion or geographical boundaries. They further elaborate that human beings owe each other respect that cannot only be defined by international human rights instruments but by the fact that one is human. Jerome Shestack in his paper ‘Philosophical foundations of Human rights’ explains theology as a source of human rights. He said that Theology states that human rights stem from a higher law than the state, The Supreme being. He gives examples from two religious books, the Bible and the Quran which both emphasize on the high value and dignity of the person as well as the sacredness of a human being. Therefor eShow MoreRelatedMoral Theories Of Human Rights1433 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy of human rights and the reality of moral theories ABSTRACT The idea of human rights came up as early as 539 BC when the armies of Cyrus the great who was the king of ancient Persia conquered the city of Babylon and he freed all the slaves and gave them the right to chose a religion of their choice. This reveals the history of human rights. However the history of human rights complements the philosophical aspect of the same. Both aspects champion the idea of human rights which emanateRead MoreDefining the Moral Status Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesBiomedical Ethics Chapter 3 Defining the moral status As time passes medicine and the healthcare system has greatly improved the life expectancy of mankind, and more options present themselves, they also come a price as to which is the right choice to make. How do we defy which life is more important, who gets to live and who has second priority? How do you determine who has a higher moral status. What properties should you base your criteria on? We will isolate and divulge onRead MoreIntroduction. Moral Status Determines Who Is Capable Of1123 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Moral status determines who is capable of making moral judgements. Meaning, it gives power or authority to certain individuals to make decisions of right versus wrong. Morality itself can be defined as an individual’s ethics. One particular situation, outlining morality is seen through the eyes of Jessica and her husband Marco. Recently this couple found out that the unborn child Jessica was pregnant with will have Down syndrome. With the child facing a decreased quality of life, thisRead MoreDeontological and Teleological Ethical Theory1660 Words   |  7 PagesTeleological Ethics 1. Utilitarianism – Utilitarian moral theory is classical utilitarianism, 2. Varieties of ancient Greek virtue ethics – Aristotle Ethics is an Example a. The goal of ethics is to explain how one achieves the good life for human beings. There are only two basic kinds of prescriptive moral theories: teleological theories, deontological theories TELEOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORIES Teleological moral theories locate moral goodness in the consequences of our behavior and not theRead MoreMoral Philosophy And Its Strength And Weaknesses1350 Words   |  6 PagesA system of moral principles is a definition of ethics in a culture or a group. Principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong are one definition of moral. In this essay, I will search for my principles and how I ought to live my life. What do I believe in and how do I apply this in my duty as a human being, as a father, husband and a military officer. In other words, I will search for my moral philosophy. Furthermore, I will explain my moral philosophy and itsRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory And The Natural Law Theory Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesAs humans, we are able rationalize and determine what is morally correct. We are the only ones in society that have this ability since animals cannot differentiate between right and wrong. (Pisemenny, 2016) Two theories were developed that linked morality and religion are the Divine Command Theory and the Natural Law Theory. In this paper, I will discuss how the Divine Command Theory and the Natural Law Theory differ and how the Natural Law Theory is more effective. The Divine Command Theory isRead MoreUniversalist Theory Of Universalism1237 Words   |  5 PagesUniversalist theories (moral universalism) are meta-ethical positions that claim that there is a universal ethic that applies to all people regardless of their nationality, religion, sex, race, culture, sexuality, and other distinguishing features (Greenwood and Harris, 2011). Universal ethics refer to a moral system that applies to the entire humanity, transcending personal whims, and culture in the process. The justification for this rises from human nature, which is a shared vulnerability of sufferingRead MoreVirtue Ethics : Moral Philosophy For Determining The Moral Permissibility Of Abortion1283 Words   |  6 PagesRosalind Hursthouse argued that virtue ethics is the preferable moral philosophy for determining the moral permissibility of abortion because it avoids the drawbacks from the utilitarian approach, and the deontological approach. I will demonstrate that virtue ethics is preferable because (i) it does not require a comprehension of problematic abstract concepts, and because (ii) it is sensitive to circumstantial variation. This paper will argue that virtue ethics is the preferable ethical approachRead MoreThe Moral Theory Of Deontology828 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that the moral theory of Deontology, which is also called non-consequentialism, incorrectly answers the question â€Å"What is right?† The reason being that Deontology answers this question base on each individual experience and belief, which most likely will always be different from person to person. In my stance I will first explain the moral theory of Deontology, secondly I will point out how Deontology answers the question â€Å"What is right?†, and lastly analyze why the moral theory of DeontologyRead MoreDivine Command Theory And Natural Law Theory948 Words   |  4 PagesReligion has always been a central part of human history, tracing back to the earliest know n records in human existence. From the ancient Egyptians to the Mayans, from the Celts to the Greeks and Romans, from Hinduism to Judaism to Catholicism, religion has always been the center of human culture. Recent studies have suggested that religion was centered on advanced alien races whose technology was misunderstood. However, one thing is undeniable, these age old systems of belief and worship of a higher

A Timeline of the Building of the Chunnel

Building the Chunnel, or Channel Tunnel, was one of the largest and most impressive engineering tasks of the 20th century. Engineers had to find a way to dig under the English Channel, creating three tunnels under the water. Find out more about this amazing engineering feat through this Chunnel timeline. A Timeline of the Chunnel 1802 -- French engineer Albert Mathieu Favier created a plan to dig a tunnel under the English Channel for horse-drawn carriages. 1856 -- Frenchman Aimà © Thomà © de Gamond created a plan to dig two tunnels, one from Great Britain and one from France, that meet in the middle on an artificial island. 1880 -- Sir Edward Watkin began drilling two underwater tunnels, one from the British side and the other from the French. However, after two years, the British publics fears of an invasion won out and Watkins was forced to stop drilling. 1973 -- Britain and France agreed on an underwater railway that would link their two countries. Geologic investigations began and digging started. However, two years later, Britain pulled out because of an economic recession. November 1984 -- British and French leaders once again agreed that a Channel link would be mutually beneficial. Since they realized that their own governments could not fund such a monumental project, they held a contest. April 2, 1985 -- A contest to find a company that could plan, fund, and operate a Channel link was announced. January 20, 1986 -- The winner of the contest was announced. The design for a Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel), an underwater railway, was chosen. February 12, 1986 -- Representatives from both the United Kingdom and France signed a treaty approving the Channel Tunnel. December 15, 1987 -- Digging began on the British side, starting with the middle, service tunnel. February 28, 1988 -- Digging began on the French side, starting with the middle, service tunnel. December 1, 1990 -- The linking of the first tunnel was celebrated. It was the first time in history that Great Britain and France were connected. May 22, 1991 -- The British and French met in the middle of the northern running tunnel. June 28, 1991 -- The British and French met in the middle of the southern running tunnel. December 10, 1993 -- The first test-run of the entire Channel Tunnel was conducted. May 6, 1994 -- The Channel Tunnel officially opened. French President Francois Mitterrand and British Queen Elizabeth II were on hand to celebrate. November 18, 1996 -- A fire broke out on one of the trains in the southern running tunnel (taking passengers from France to Great Britain). Although all the people on board were rescued, the fire did a lot of damage to the train and to the tunnel.

Hamlet Study Guide

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is one of William Shakespeare’s best-known works and one of the most widely-read plays in the English language. Estimated to have been written between 1599 and 1602, Hamlet was one of Shakespeare’s most popular plays at the time of its release, and has remained hugely influential since its creation. Fast Facts: Hamlet Full Title: The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of DenmarkAuthor: William ShakespeareYear Published: Between 1599 and 1602Genre: TragedyType of Work: PlayOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Appearance vs. Reality; Revenge and Action vs. Inaction; Death, Guilt, and the AfterlifeMajor Characters: Hamlet, Claudius, Polonius, Ophelia, Laertes, Gertrude, Fortinbras, Horatio, The Ghost, Rosencrantz GuildensternFun Fact: Shakespeare’s son, who died at age 11, was named Hamnet; he may have been an inspiration for the tragic character Hamlet. Plot Summary Hamlet is the story of the events that take place after the king of Denmark is found dead. His son, Hamlet, is visited by the kings ghost, who tells him that Hamlet’s uncle Claudius was the murderer. Hamlet resolves to kill Claudius and avenge his fathers death, but he struggles with the morality of his decision and finds himself unable to act. To fool Claudius into thinking he knows nothing about the murder, Hamlet pretends to be insane; however, Hamlet’s actual mental state becomes less and less certain throughout the play. Meanwhile, when Claudius begins to realize Hamlet knows more than he lets on, he plots to kill him. Hamlet, though, is smart; much of the play depicts his brilliant wordplay and cunning outmaneuvers of the king’s courtiers—until, of course, the play’s tragic ending, which sees most of the royal family killed. Major Characters Hamlet. The protagonist of the story, Hamlet is the prince of Denmark and the son of the murdered king. Possessing a melancholy and depressive disposition, he struggles throughout the play with his inability to act on his desire for revenge. Claudius. The current king of Denmark and the brother of the king, Hamlets late father. Claudius murdered the former king and married his wife Gertrude, stealing Hamlet’s right to succeed his father. Polonius. The father of Ophelia and Laertes and advisor to the king. Obsequious, pedantic, and scheming, Polonius is killed by Hamlet. Ophelia. Hamlet’s love interest and Polonius’s daughter. She aims to please her father and is deeply troubled by Hamlet’s madness, but goes mad herself by the end of the play. Laertes. Polonius’s son. He is a man of action, in direct contrast to Hamlet, and is ready to take his revenge as soon as he discovers Hamlet’s hand in the destruction of his father and sister. Gertrude. The queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s mother, and Claudius’s wife. She was married to the old king, but was unfaithful to him with Claudius. Fortinbras. The prince of Norway, who eventually becomes king of Denmark after Hamlets death. Horatio. Hamlet’s best friend from university, who serves as a foil to Hamlet. The Ghost. Hamlet’s dead father, the former king of Denmark. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet’s childhood friends, whom Hamlet outwits at every turn. Major Themes Appearance vs. Reality. Is the ghost really Hamlet’s dead father? Is Claudius lying? Hamlet must continually grapple with his inability to trust his own interpretation of events, which keeps him in a state of inaction. Death, Guilt, and the Afterlife. Hamlet frequently wonders about the mystery of death. Tied to these thoughts is always the question of guilt, and whether or not his soul—or the soul of another, like Claudius—will wind up in heaven or hell. Revenge and Action vs. Inaction. Although the play is about revenge, Hamlet continually delays the act. Connected to this theme is the question of the afterlife, doubts about which seem to stay Hamlet’s hand. Literary Style Hamlet has had remarkable literary significance from its first performance, which is estimated to have taken place between 1599 and 1602, influencing writers as varied as John Milton, Johann Wilhelm von Goethe, George Eliot, and David Foster Wallace.  It is a tragedy, a genre with roots in classical Greek theatre; however, Shakespeare ignores Aristotle’s injunction for a play to focus primarily on action, not character. Instead, the play follows the twists and turns of Hamlet’s moral struggle much more through soliloquies than plot. The play was written during the reign of Elizabeth I. There are numerous early versions of the play still in existence; each, however, has different lines, so it is the job of the editor to decide which version to publish, and accounts for the many explanatory notes in editions of Shakespeare. About the Author William Shakespeare is arguably the highest-regarded writer in the English language. Although his exact date of birth is unknown, he was baptized in Stratford-Upon-Avon in 1564 and married Anne Hathaway at age 18. Sometime between the ages of 20 and 30, Shakespeare moved to London to start his career in theatre. He worked as an actor and a writer, as well as a part-time owner of the theatre troupe the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, later known as the King’s Men. Since little information about commoners was retained at the time, not much is known about Shakespeare, leading to ongoing questions about his life, his inspiration, and the authorship of his plays.

Capitalism Is Good For The Economy - 1327 Words

â€Å"In the heart of the Great Depression, millions of American workers did something they d never done before: they joined a union. Emboldened by the passage of the Wagner Act, which made collective bargaining easier, unions organized industries across the country, remaking the economy. This quote shows that Americans need unions. The Unites States Government should only interfere with the economy or with how business owners run over their companies when there is a dramatic problem within the economy and when there is nothing else that can fix the economy but the government. Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and the operations are funded by profits. Capitalism is good for the economy because anyone could start a business and make money instantly. An example would be the Ford Motor Company. This company was the first company to make cars. Henry Ford had an idea and went with it. Capitalism is better with very little or no government interference at all. Capitalism gives people a chance to be more productive with their lives/ how they live their lives. Capitalism will go beyond and improve if people will start saving and save money and taking loans from banks our economy will improve as well. People want more all the time. This is the Central Economic problem that we still have today. People are still going to want more and more and more because eventually there will be a new product . ItShow MoreRelated The Foundation for Capitalism1186 Words   |  5 Pagesto contr ol his or hers own actions, that aids in the development of humanity. As freedom reflects back to capitalism, people within their respective class who obtain money are the individuals who whole heartedly enjoy real freedom. However, is it really considered freedom if there are restrictions attached to one’s freedom? The simplest things such as the production and distribution of goods and services or even the supply of new technological advancements, are ran and operated by a group or classRead MoreThe Corporate American Model Of Capitalism1316 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism is good. In reading the articles, it seems scholars are either pro or anti-capitalism. The corporate American model of capitalism is built upon free enterprise and encourages competition. It’s also called the Liberal/Social Democratic model. Our economy, supposedly, encourages and rewards competition and equality. Yet the lack of competition and equality in our economy are issues scholars take aim at the most. George (2013) wrote in his editorial, â€Å"In the United States, income inequalityRead MoreThe Implication Of Free Markets On Global Business1519 Words   |  7 Pagesof free markets on global business Introduction Capitalism, socialism, and communism are the main three economic systems. â€Å"Capitalism is an economic system also known as the private enterprise or free market system based on private ownership, economic freedom, and fair competition† (Kelly and Williams pp. 26) Capitalism can be referred to as free markets where there is no government intervention or strict regulations. The principle of capitalism is that â€Å"people and business must free to buy or notRead MoreEssay On Capitalism And Capitalism1443 Words   |  6 Pagespeople. Capitalism, as described by Adam Smith and communism as described by Karl Marx, are two types of these economic systems. Capitalism tries to meet the needs of the people allowing all its citizens to work to improve their lives by giving them control over the economy while communism gives the government total control of its industry and the economy and all people have equal social and economic status. These two types of economic systems each hav e a different effect on the economy of the nationsRead MoreCapitalism for The Better, Socialism for The Worse Failing or profitable government? There are800 Words   |  4 PagesCapitalism for The Better, Socialism for The Worse Failing or profitable government? There are various types of economies in the the world, of the various types they can be narrowed down to the two most common which are capitalist and socialist economies. Capitalism is â€Å"a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government† (Merriam Webster). Socialism is â€Å"a way of organizing a societyRead MoreEssay The Efficiency of Economic Systems959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe differences between capitalism and socialism have led to contradictions in several countries on how to run the country economically, socially, and politically. Between these two economic systems, people usually debate about the role of the government and economic equality. Although, capitalism and socialism have similar characteristics, the differences between capitalism and socialism make capitalism a better way of life. Most importantly, both socialism and capitalism have established effectiveRead MoreCommunism vs Capitalism992 Words   |  4 PagesIs Communism a better economic system than capitalism? By Michael Kujawski Since the beginning of the 20th century many countries have favored the economic system of communism over capitalism many political partys around the world that are communist based have the term â€Å"workers party†incuded in their name because communism is a system for the working class and capitalism is a competitive system for the upper class society to benefit. Read MoreThe changing of Democracy Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesthe nation has been fully formed and developed. The capitalist economy is altering the beliefs of what it means to be a democratic nation. Democracy gives power to the people. However, cultural and economic aspects of different time periods have given different meanings to the word democracy and who can participate in it. Democracy is not a static idea. It changes as the culture and opinions of the nation change. As the culture, economy, and social classes evolve, the ways that people perceive theRead MoreEconomics Is The Science Of Scarcity1728 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation with unlimited wants coupled with limited resources. Essentially, economics deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The societies in the books 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 both take advantage of some form of an economic system, whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States. An economic system is how a society deals with these factors. The three main questions that an economic system is supposedRead MoreComparative Critique Of Comparative Capitalis m1214 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARATIVE CAPITALISM Case Study #4: Comparative Capitalism Florence F. Messi St Thomas University Miami Gardens, Florida Abstract The Merriam-Wester dictionary defines capitalism as an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. (2015). However for an ideal capitalism to fully operate

Problem in the United States Free Essays

Smuggling has been a problem in the United States for many years. The continuous breaching of our borders may one day allow the smuggling of something that could cause massive destruction and death to our country. It is easy to see how the smuggling of something as innocuous as a specific flower or bush can be a problem when it infiltrates the native environment and kills off many different species. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now But smuggling is not limited to this. There is also the continuous smuggling of drugs and people into this country that causes many problems. Although many people who are smuggled into the United States do so to work or to be with their family, there is a large percentage of them that are forced into prostitution or some other form of slavery. This paper will look at these specific cases of smuggling and determine what, if anything can be done about it. Smuggling is done for many reasons. Generally when something is smuggled, it is smuggled over an international border and it is smuggled for many reasons; either to avoid paying taxes, because the item is illegal, or, in the case of people, because they are not supposed to be there. As an example of this, it is estimated that millions of dollars worth of cigarettes are smuggled every year. These cigarettes are not necessarily smuggled into the United States from another country, but from other states, in which the taxes are low. A carton of cigarettes may be as cheap as $20 in a state like Virginia, and in states like New York, where the cigarette taxes are very high, making the total cost of a carton $75 can lead to a profit for the smuggler of about $40 per carton. The smuggling of cigarettes from one state to another is fairly simple. There are not any customs officials to pass through, and if the smuggler gets pulled over, it is very unlikely that the police officer would search his or her trunk, where the cartons may be. But getting over international borders is usually more difficult, and the smugglers have evolved certain strategies for not getting caught. One way smugglers pass over the border is with the use of small, private planes. The smuggler can fly into the country undetected, allowing whatever he is smuggling into the country. They are also small boats smugglers can use to get themselves from a specific country to the United States. These boats are known as â€Å"go-fast† boats and can be used to smuggle anything from drugs to people. And one way to smuggle that we are seeing more and more are the use of tunnels. A smuggler may hire someone to dig tunnels underground, allowing nearly anything to be passed from one country to the next without having to go through customs. More daring smugglers, however, will hide whatever it is that they are smuggling and attempt to get through customs this way. They may hide it on their bodies or under their clothes, inside themselves, in their cars, or in the bodies of animals that may be traveling with them. Like the more clandestine ways, this way of smuggling is rampant, as evidenced by the massive amount of smugglers caught each year while trying to go through customs. Smuggling has consequences for everyone. Of course, the smugglers, assuming they do not get caught, make out better than anyone. Usually the practice of smuggling is very lucrative. The profits from illegal drugs and cigarettes and the trafficking of humans provide smugglers with billions of dollars every year. As long as the profit margin is high, there will always be people illegally smuggling. The â€Å"war on drugs† must be concerned with the smuggling problem. But the question of how to win the war on drugs is an interesting one. If by winning the drug war it is meant the eradication of all drugs, then the United States has surely lost. There are still people, usually those directly involved with the drug war, that still think we should keep fighting the war as we always have been. But there has been now over a trillion dollars spent on the war on drugs and drugs today are more potent and making larger profits than ever. The people benefiting most from the war on drugs are the smugglers and the drug dealers themselves. The fact remains that all throughout human history, intoxicants have been used in one degree or another, so why would we think people today are any different? By this definition of the war on drugs the United States, on all counts, has lost. There is another way to win the war on drugs and that is to turn it into a war on smugglers and drug dealers. People are going to always be looking for ways to alter their consciousness. Everyone does it; whether you work out, or take heroin, the point is to feel better. Drugs are not going away. Drugs like marijuana and meth, which can be produced by anyone, will always be with us. By regulating drugs, and making the tax on them universal, the drug dealers and the smugglers would be put out of business. We cannot change how people feel, or what they want to do. All we can do is deter them from doing it. So the question becomes, what is the best way to deter them? We could threaten them with jail, but this obviously does not work, as nearly 80 percent of people in jail are there in some way for drugs. So we could decriminalize and regulate the drugs, putting gangs, dealers and smugglers out of business and using the profits from the sale of the drugs to educate people about their effects. This form of deterrence would be more much more humane and effective than how the war has been fought thus far. How to cite Problem in the United States, Papers

Complementarity of Wind Solar Energy Resources †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Complementarity of Wind Solar Energy Resources. Answer: Introduction Managing and regulating the energy resources is crucial for every country to protect the natural resources. However, in the developing country if energy emission is high it affects the economic growth as well as the environmental sustainability. For this reason, it is important for every country to manage the energy resources in a proper way (Adalet et al. 2017). In the recent years, energy management is a big challenge for the developing country. OECD includes 35 countries one of the most important is UK. The main of OECD is to improve the economic and social well being of the individuals in the world. OECD offers a forum where the government of each country makes a collaborative work with the stakeholders and share the experience with the people regarding the energy management (Busemeyer and Garritzmann 2017). On the other hand, INDCs or Intended Nationally Determined Contributions refers to a term categorized under UNFCC. The purpose of INDCs is to reduce the green house gas and t o keep the global warming below 2C. In order to conserve the energy resources, it is important to forecast the climate change. This study deals with the INDCs policy, stakeholder analysis of UK and factors affecting the availability of the energy resources in this country. OECD includes 35 countries in the worldwide. However, the purpose of OECD is to bring economic and social development in such countries. UK is one of the crucial members of such country. Energy conservation is crucial to bring economic development in a country. UK stakeholder refers to the government of UK, industries of UK and the employees of UK (Benjamin 2017). However, stakeholder analysis is associated with the rules and regulation of INDCs. The major policy of INDCs is the climatic control by managing the energy sources in a country. However, it is crucial for a country to manage the energy resources to facilitate the economic growth of the country. Various countries are associated with the international climate agreement categorized under UNFCC or U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP 21). This agreement has been established in Paris in the year 2015. In this agreement, the countries have made an outline about the steps based on which they will bring a climatic change in post-2020 (Wri.org. 2017). Such new agreement is termed as INDCs or Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. According to this Paris agreement, the countries need to increase the awareness about the emergence of the global temperature. On the other hand, global temperature should be below 2C at the second half of this century (Dai et al. 2017). UK is associated with the Paris agreement to control the climate change. However, UK government has taken a vital initiative to comply with the terms and condition of this agreement. According to this agreement, the parties those are involved in INDCs need to develop strategies by 2020 to reduce the greenhouse gas emission and to publish mid-century (Wri.org. 2017). For this reason, UK government needs to incorporate energy efficient strategy to get control over the climate change by 2020. However, the industries especially the oil and gas industries need to involve in the reduction of carbon emission. The UK government needs to engage the business owners of UK to take initiative to conserve the energy by limited using of natural resources. It is important to conserve the natural resources and use renewable resources besides reducing the carbon dioxide gas emission. Apart from the government and the industrialists, employees of the oil and gas sectors need to comply with the rules of INDCs while working (Busemeyer and Garritzmann 2017). Temperature control is associated with the zero gas emission and energy conservation (Wri.org. 2017). It is important for the UK stakeholders like government, business industries, employees, and citizens to give the effort to conserve various energy sources like solar energy, water energy, and wind energy. The stakeholders require limited use of such energy resources to keep the temperature under control. The citizens and the business industries should support the UK government and need to comply with the government rules. This will enable UK government to keep the global temperature below 2C by 2020, which ensures the fulfillment of INDCs rule (Theccc.org.uk 2017). In order to limit the climate change, zero emission of gas is required for UK. In order to control the climate change, UK should develop a robust plan to meet the legislated carbon budget in UK. On the other hand, measurement of the effectiveness of policies and deliverable of the policies require proper arrangement. Howe ver, if the UK government measures the policy properly then emission can be reduced. This will be effective for the UK government to meet the aim of Paris agreement. Apart from this as the prime stakeholder of UK, the government needs to adopt a strategy to reduce the green house gas emission from agricultural and aviation industry by utilizing modern technology. Factors affecting availability and management of the energy resources Supply is the big factor that is associated with the availability of the energy resources. However, if the supply chain is not perfect then it is difficult for the energy market to increase the availability of the energy resources (Schwartz et al. 2017). It is important for a country to improve the structure of the supply chain management for the energy resources. Stakeholders as suppliers need to manage the logistic to increase the supply of the energy resources. Based on the management of the supply chain the availability of the energy resources can be determined. If the supply chain is poor then the energy cannot be reached to the consumer domain. Demand is another factor that influences the availability of the energy resources. However, based on the current market demand the availability of the energy resources can be measured. If there is a high demand in the market then more availability of the energy resources is required. On the other hand, if there is less demand for the ene rgy then availability will be less. As for example, in UK there is a high demand for the natural resources as a result, more energy from natural resources like solar energy, wind energy is required (Omer 2017). Transportation is another factor that affects the availability and management of the energy resources. However, there are various constraints in the gas supply pipeline and capacity of electrical transmission. Hence, if the transportation of energy cannot be managed then it will be difficult for the country to manage the energy resources properly. On the other hand, availability of the energy resources is based on the geographical factors. Natural resources of energy like coal, gas, petroleum are not available in all countries. In some countries, these are available in a huge amount and in some areas; there is less availability of such resources. As for example, in UK 60% of the energy comes from abroad. Russia exports coal and Norway exports gas in UK (goodenergy.co.uk 2017) . UK depends on the imported energy resources to supply energy throughout the country. Therefore, UK includes renewable energy sources. Hence, home-grown fuels are the good source that provides half of the energy in UK energy market. However, the above factors influence the UK energy market as well as the availability of the energy resources. It has been important for a country, to conserve their energy resources and make them available to the consumer. Impact of the factors on rising energy demand In UK the energy demand is high due to the growing population and the economic stability. In order to meet the demand of the energy, it is important for the suppliers to reframe the supply management process of energy. Supply and demand are related to each other (Majumder et al. 2017). However, if the demand is high then supply chain should be strong by making the energy resources available in the market. In UK, maximum energy is generated from the outside of the country. Foreign countries are the major contributors of the energy resources. The coal and gas are imported into UK. However, as maximum energy in UK comes from the foreign countries thus, the supplier has a big role in UK energy market. They need to communicate with the foreign countries and to increase the availability of the energy resources. On the other hand, if there is the low supply of the energy in the UK market then it is difficult for the country to cope with the rising energy demand of the country (Zheng et al. 2017). On the other hand, transportation of the energy is crucial. However, it is crucial for the UK energy sectors to maintain the gas pipeline and electricity transmission to meet the demand of the rising energy. Development of the energy transmission infrastructure is essential to meet the demand of the market. On the other hand, the geographical factor that highlights on the different locations of a country is associated with the management and availability of the energy resources. The energy suppliers of the UK need to identify the regions where the coal and gas are available. However, if in a location of UK the energy demand is high and the geographic region of this area is not enriched with coal and gas then energy scarcity can occur (Miglietta et al. 2017). Allocation of the energy resources refers to the allocation of oil and gas that is associated with hydrocarbon accounting. In the context of the petroleum management process, the ownership of the extracted hydrocarbon is identified (Soares et al. 2017). Hydrocarbon accounting is associated with the inventory control, transportation practice and material balance. However, during the high energy demand, the energy allocation needs a spontaneous method. Rising energy demand gives an opportunity to the investor to invest more in the energy allocation system. This often leads the investors to contribute more to the energy supply in order to meet the rising demand. During the high energy demand, the energy cost will be increased and the energy will be allocated against the high price in the consumer domain. On the other hand, during the low demand of the energy, the allocation cost is low. Technological advancement Energy management can be done with the help of advanced technology. However, the advanced technology is associated with the building management, manufacturing process, and automatic control system. However, building automation system, distributed control system, and building energy management system are the major technological systems of energy management (Soares et al. 2017). Energy management system technology includes the measurement of the energy inputs from different metering devices. Control of the output devices is another part of the energy management system. On the other hand, use of a separate controller for each system is helpful to manage the energy. However, the communication network is associated with input, output and control method. Control based on the multiple inputs refers to the sensor, data of external system and time of the day. With help of advanced technology, one can measure the log value of the inputs regarding the data of energy meter. On the other hand, th e report of energy consumption can be analyzed with the help of modern technology (Kupzog et al. 2017). Energy producing countries refer to the oil and gas producing countries. However, the poverty rate is high in the oil exporter countries (Buxton 2017). On the other hand, poor healthcare, poor educational performance, and child mortality are very common in the oil exporter country. In order to reduce such social and economic consequences oil exporter countries export energy to other countries. Export of oil enables these countries to increase the employment rate and improve the infrastructure. Per capita income increases by exporting oil in such countries. As for example, in North America and Middle East soared high revenue is generated by exporting energy. The disparity between the oil wealth and poverty is notable in Nigeria. However, oil dependence is negatively correlated with the healthcare expenditure. On the other hand, the oil exporter countries contribute less in the healthcare sectors. Child malnutrition is very common in such countries. Evaluation of the barriers in achieving INDC, which is stated by COP21 target in UK UK has developed a strategy to reduce the green house gas emission from their country, which is the main aim of INDC or Paris agreement. In order to maintain the temperature below 2,C UK government sets a target to lead the domestic emission to net zero. However, reduction of the consumption of the energy by controlling people behavior is a big barrier for the UK government (Eid et al. 2016). On the other hand, it is important for the UK government to meet the carbon budget in this country. For this purpose, decarbonization of the electricity is required. Zero emission from the vehicle and heating should be done. For this purpose, new policy needs to introduce by UK government, which may change the operation process of the industry. This may lead this country to face resistance from the investors. In order to reduce the zero emission of carbon in agricultural and aviation industry, UK government has developed strategy (Theccc.org.uk 2017). This may lead this country to face challenge s from such industries. For the net zero emission, such industries need to use renewable energy sources, which is costly. As a result, the barrier can occur from such industries as it may increase their operation cost. Conclusion The above piece of work reveals the management of energy resources and the major aim of INDC associated with COP21. However, according to the Paris agreement, the global temperate should be below 2C by 2020. However, for this purpose UK government has taken initiative to reduce the carbon emission from different industries. However, a major resistance can be occurred from such industries, as they need to change their operation process. On the other hand, several factors like supplier, transportation, and geographical factors are associated with this energy management. References Adalet, M., Andrews, D. and Millot, V., 2017.Insolvency Regimes, Technology Diffusion and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Firms in OECD Countries(No. 1425). OECD Publishing. Benjamin, D. 2017. Correlating hotspot issues: implications for Paris climate agreement and international climate policy regime.Environmental Science and Policy. Busemeyer, M.R. and Garritzmann, J.L., 2017. The effect of economic globalization on compensatory and social Investment policies compared: A multi-level analysis of OECD countries. Buxton, J., 2017. Social Policy in Venezuela: Bucking Neoliberalism or Unsustainable Clientelism?. InTowards Universal Health Care in Emerging Economies(pp. 347-371). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Dai, H., Xie, Y., Liu, J. and Masui, T., 2017. Aligning renewable energy targets with carbon emissions trading to achieve China's INDCs: A general equilibrium assessment.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Eid, C., Codani, P., Perez, Y., Reneses, J. and Hakvoort, R., 2016. Managing electric flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: goodenergy.co.uk. 2017.Good energy. [online] Available at: https://www.goodenergy.co.uk/blog/2016/10/01/where-does-uk-energy-come-from/ [Accessed 21 Nov. 2017]. Kupzog, F., Elmenreich, W. and Bieber, R., 2017. Managing data and complexity in energy systems. Majumder, S., Khaparde, S.A., Agalgaonkar, A.P., Ciufo, P., Perera, S. and Kulkarni, S.V., 2017. DFT-based sizing of battery storage devices to determine day-ahead minimum variability injection dispatch with renewable energy resources.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. Miglietta, M.M., Huld, T. and Monforti-Ferrario, F., 2017. Local complementarity of wind and solar energy resources over Europe: an assessment study from a meteorological perspective.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,56(1), pp.217-234. Omer, A.M., 2017. Some Aspects of Solar and Wind Energy Resources. Schwartz, L., Wei, M., Morrow, W., Deason, J., Schiller, S.R., Leventis, G., Smith, S., Leow, W.L., Levin, T., Plotkin, S. and Zhou, Y., 2017.Electricity end uses, energy efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline: Commercial sector chapter. Tech rep. January, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Soares, J., Ghazvini, M.A.F., Borges, N. and Vale, Z., 2017. A stochastic model for energy resources management considering demand response in smart grids.Electric Power Systems Research,143, pp.599-610. Theccc.org.uk. 2017.UK climate action following the Paris Agreement. [online] Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UK-climate-action-following-the-Paris-Agreement-Committee-on-Climate-Change-October-2016.pdf [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Wri.org. 2017.What is an INDC?. [online] Available at: https://www.wri.org/indc-definition [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Zheng, C.W., Wang, Q. and Li, C.Y., 2017. An overview of medium-to long-term predictions of global wave energy resources.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,79, pp.14

Women - Work and Family US Disability Law

Question: (1). Hochschild and Machung (2003) state, "In the two-job couple this trend moves even faster; working couples do less at home and buy more goods and services. A woman's skills at home are then perhaps also less valued" (p. 255). In a culture of store bought goods and services, is there a need for the housewife? Please support your answer using text material. (2). If you had enough money to live as comfortably as you'd like, would you prefer to work full-time, work part-time, do volunteer-type work, or work at home caring for the family? Explain your choice. (3a). Why does Hochschild and Machung (2003) compare the working wife to an "urbanizing peasant?" (3b). Is there a relationship between unequal wages and marriage; if so, how? (3c). Is there a relationship between unequal wages and the second shift; if so, how? (3d). Who does Hochschild and Machung (2003) state as being the "wealthiest" and "poorest" in backstage support, and why? (4). Please address this question posed by Powell (2003): Can a "positive" signal, such as the receipt of an advanced degree, counteract the "negative" signal of being female? That is, might an educated woman be regarded as "atypical" of her sex, and arouse less discrimination among prospective employers (Moe, 2003, p. 203). Use text material from this week to support your response. (5a). Discuss the laws prohibiting employment discrimination and the methods used in litigation to establish a legal finding of discrimination. (5b). Do you feel enough is being done to alleviate wage discrimination? Why or why not? (6a). In the "Balancing Work and Family" article, what are some ways in which current companies keep productivity growing while addressing family concerns? (6b). What types of company programs allow employees to have a life and still get ahead? (7a). What are some of the adaptive strategies discussed by Ezzedeen and Ritchey (2009) devised by executive women to advance their careers and enjoy a family? (7b). What are your thoughts and feelings on these strategies? Answer: 1. In present times, the lives of women are fast changing. The expansion of employment opportunities has created various avenues for women. Women have few children now as opposed to five to six in earlier times. Earlier it was men who identified with the premonition of manhood with having money in a manner they have never done before. Now, there has been a paradigm shift. It is women who are assuming the new basis of identity. Women have discovered that earning is important to them than it was to their mothers. This has given the rise of two-job couple spectrum wherein working couples do less at home and buy more goods and services. Certainly, there is a need of housewife who would take care of the kids and chores of the family along with the husband. On the other hand, feminism proposes that women should be given equal opportunities as men. Men should assist their spouses in domestic activities which would help the women in managing work outside the home (Hochschild Machung, 2012). 2. If I have ample money and would like to live comfortably as per my choice, I would like to be at home thereby caring for the family and avail work from home option. I subscribe to the philosophy of work in life and not being in a state of inaction. Thus work would be on my list of priorities, come what may. Since I may have a leeway of having enough money I may not prefer to work on a full-time basis. I would rather invest considerable time at home thereby caring for my family. There could not be a better option than work from the home scheme of things. This would enable me to be engaged in work in keeping with supporting the family in every possible need and addressing concerns. In fine, it may be said that hailing substantial money does not amount to being indolent and inactive. 3. In present circumstances, women have established a new basis of identity and authority. The factual reality is they are trying to get a firm footing in the employment domain. Similarly, peasants also strive to reap good returns for their grains. Thus the author has likened the condition of working women to that of urbanising peasants. There is indeed a strong linkage between unequal wage and marriage. Hofstede states that with the rise of feminism women are likely to be paid more compared to their male counterparts that may evoke psychological issues between the wife and husband. However, the reverse is also true with women being suppressed as their spouses get paid more. The experts have stressed that human behaviours are governed by factors like society and mental make-up. The patterns of society, culture may be deemed as being the wealthiest or for that matter poorest in the backdrop. Various theories reveal the existence of a relationship of social structures with the human behavior (Pedulla, 2014). 4. Various experts opine that advancement in education counteracts the negative signal of being female. The bivariate regression model elucidates that women having a considerable quantum of education are less likely to be discriminated among prospective employers. As per the results, the female is a construed as a dummy variable. The bivariate regression analysis that of wage over the dummy variable has two different categories namely, women and men offer a comparable measure relating to the standard difference between wages of men and women. While visualizing the relationship between another variable and wage, the link of wage and years of experience also deserves special mention. Similar to the bivariate regression investigation between gender and wage, the connection between wage and years of experience is anticipated. Thus it may be concluded that women who come with substantial years of education and work experience are not subjected to discriminatory motives among the prospecti ve employers. 5. The Federal Laws being effective in prohibition of job discrimination are laid below: Title seven of Civil Rights Act (1964) prohibits discrimination in employment based on race, origin, gender or religion. The Equal Pay Act (1963) provides safeguards for men and women who perform equal work in the same establishment. The US Disability Act (1990) prohibits employment discrimination against individuals or resources with disabilities in the state. The Civil Rights Act (1991) provides monetary damages in various cases of deliberate employment discrimination. The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or EEOC is at the helm which enforces all the laws above and litigation. The compliant body also takes care of equal employment opportunity in keeping with practices and policies (Emens, 2012). The various methods used in litigation to establish a legal finding of discrimination or resolving the discrimination charges are mainly mediation, settlement and conciliation. EEOC being the statutory body is effective in alleviation of wage discrimination ("Resolving a Charge", 2016). The expansion of federal along with state discrimination laws in keeping with the common law has been successful in providing individuals safeguards relating to employment issues. The federal authorities are ever vigilant in formation and application of the laws (Gould IV, 2013). 6. Nowadays, workers seek to strike a balance between work and family. This helps in balancing sufficient earnings with family time being stretched. Companies are striving to make arrangements so that the productivity does not take a backseat while the resource could fulfil family commitments. The effective ways of maintaining a prolific balance could be the following. Scheduling plan of work scrupulously. Communication about the companys policies about laid objectives. Usage of technology to the advantage of both employees and companies. Making good use of family time. In present times, organisations are undertaking various initiatives which aim to be beneficial for the resources as well as upholding the productivity at work. Work life balance is one such scheme which permits employees to manage multiple responsibilities at family without posing any threat to the productivity at work. Dependent care, wellness options, education and training opportunities, encouragement of fitness and hygiene standards are some of the popular models that organisation initiatives allow employees to have a life and still get ahead (Smith, 2016). 7. In the present parlance, women have expanded their career aspirations undeniably. To accentuate their careers, women have devised various strategies which are mentioned below. Getting as much of training and education possible. Prominence in social and online networking sites. Charting a diligent career growth plan. Networking with alumni and former coworkers. Self-promotional measures. Undertaking freelancing activities. Nurturing of talents which offer scope for career development. Leverage in interpersonal and communication skills. It is understandable that women are freethinkers and are willing to embark on what it takes to make advancement in their personal careers in keeping with healthy family life. Women are inherently assiduous and intuitive which makes it easier for them to plan accordingly. Furthermore, given the strategies being implemented appropriately, the society is likely to gain immensely by the contribution of women both in work and family, by and large (Stets Burke, 2014). References: Emens, E. (2012). Disabling Attitudes: US Disability Law and the ADA Amendments Act. American Journal of Comparative Law, 60(1), 205-234. Gould IV, W. B. (2013). A primer on American labor law. Cambridge University Press. Hochschild, A., Machung, A. (2012). The second shift: Working families and the revolution at home. Penguin. Pedulla, D. S. (2014). The Positive Consequences of Negative Stereotypes Race, Sexual Orientation, and the Job Application Process. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(1), 75-94. Resolving a Charge. (2016). www.eeoc.gov. Retrieved 14 August 2016, from https://www.eeoc.gov/employers/resolving.cfm Smith, J. (2016). 8 Ways To Achieve Better Work-Life Balance. www.forbes.com. Retrieved 14 August 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2013/04/18/8-ways-to-achieve-better-work-life-balance/#7d7e6bb63a25 Stets, J. E., Burke, P. J. (2014). Self-esteem and identities. Sociological Perspectives, 57(4), 409-433.