Causes of Whooping Cough

Causes of Whooping Cough Abstract Introduction The genus Bordetella contains species of bacteria which are related serologically each displaying similar characteristics such as morphology, size and staining reactions (Website 1). The Bordetella genus is responsible for respiratory infections that are common in both people and animals (journal 1); Bordetella pertussis was first isolated in pure culture in 1906 and was long considered the sole causing factor of whooping cough. However, further studies revealed that mild forms of whooping cough could be caused by Bordetella parapertussis and on occasions Bordetella bronchiseptica (website 1). Whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory illness that affects humans caused by the gram negative bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis. This particular pathogen is a strict human pathogen with no evidence of an impact on animals or the environment (journal 1). The disease can be characterised by bronchopneumonia, paroxysmal coughing and the distinctive ‘whooping’ intake of air. Pertussis is more prevelant in developing countries where essential medical care is often not available and disease (journal 2) Species Associated with Bordetella Bacteria that belong to the genus Bordetella are of importance to both paediatric and veterinary medicine due to their ability to colonise and multiply on the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract (journal 4) Nine species have been identified within the Bordetella genus to date, only three additional members, B. bronchiseptica, B. parapertussis and b. homlessi (journal 3). B. pertussis and B. parapertussis are extremely closely related according to their genomes; B. bronchiseptica, which by DNA-DNA and DNA-rRNA hybridisation are also closely related to the two previous species. A more recent addition to the genus includes B. avium (formerly known as Alceligenes faecalis) (website 1) which is described as a bird pathogen causes turkey coryza and other respiratory infections in fowl (journal 2). Another late addition includes B. hinzii (formerly known as A. faecalis type II), which can lead to respiratory disease in poultry and is very rarely found in humans (website 1). B. trematum has recently been proposed for a novel species isolated from human wounds and ear infections; although none of the new species identified were associated with respiratory infections, they are phylogenetically si milar to other members of the genus (journal 2). Transmission Infection typically begins with the bacterium entering the airways of the host via airborne droplets derived from the cough of an infected individual. The pathogen proceeds down the respiratory tract and adhering to ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea and nasopharnyx in the host. Once attachment has occurred, the pathogen proceeds to replicate and colonise any adjacent areas. As part of Bordetella’s extensive range of virulence factors, it secretes toxins that damage the epithelial cells, which results in the loss of ciliated cells; this process induces the characteristic coughing (journal 2). Virulence Factors The main objective of any pathogenic bacterium is to colonise and replicate by exploiting its environment to the fullest extent. This can be achieved by the bacterium controlling and producing specific factors that enable it to infect the host (journal 2). Many of the virulence factors characterised in the bordetellae are common across the three species (B. pertussis, B parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica). These include adhesions such as filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin tracheal colonisation factor and fimbriae, and toxins including adenylate cyclasehemolysin, dermonecrotic and tracheal cytotoxin. Other virulence factors are expressed by just one of the species, such as the pertussis toxin and serum resistant protein secreted by B. pertussis or a type III secretion system expressed by the species B. bronchiseptica (Journal 5) Bvg Regulation The majority of virulence factors displaced by this genus are controlled by BvgAS regulatory locus, a two-component regulatory system. BvgA is a 23 kDa (journal 9) DNA binding response regulator (journal 8). BvgS is a 135 kDa (journal 9) transmembrane sensor protein kinase (journal 8). This system assists the transition of B. pertussis between its virulent phase of Bvg+ and its Bvg phase which is avirulent (JOURNAL 10). For both B. bronchiseptica and B. pertussis, in order for sufficient respiratory tract colonisation the Bvg+ phase is necessary (journal 8), this phase can be demonstrated when bacteria is grown on a rich media at 37Â °C (journal 11) BvgAS undergoes a series of phosphorelay signal transduction events in response to an environmental stimulus that leads to differential transcriptions of target genes. This regulatory system has a distinct intermediate phase, Bvg1 that can be achieved with the growth of bacteria in that conditions are between Bvg+ and Bvg phases (journal 11). BvgS undergoes autophosphorylation when there is an absence of modulators, after several steps the phosphate group is transferred to the amino terminal domain of the second component. The phosphorylation activates BvgA and binds to promoter regions located on B.pertussis virulence activated genes (Journal 12). Filamentous Haemagglutinin Many virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis are well characterised and any mutations in these factors causes significant reduction or complete loss of virulence. The bacteria adhere to ciliated cells of the epithelium in the upper section of the respiratory tract. The filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) is the major adhesion present across B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica (journal 6). This particular virulence factor is crucial in order for B. pertussis to attach the pathogen to the host cell. FHA is a 220-kDA surface associated protein that is secreted to the extracellular environment to assist the adherence to ciliated epithelial cells, therefore initiating the pathogenic cycle (Journal 2). However, in recent studies using the closely related species Bordetella bronchiseptica it has shown that other adhesions are just as important in initiating an infection; any deletion of any of the four adhesions (FHA, Pertactin, fimbriae, Brk A) results in the decreased abil ity of B. bronchiseptica to bind to host cells (Book 1) Pertactin Pertactin can also be known as aliases p.69 and OMP 68 due to its electrophoretic mobility in SDS-Page, pertactin is a 60-kDa outer membrane protein which assists bacterial adherence. Similar molecules are produced by other members of the same genus; B. parapertussis produces p.70 and p.68 in B. bronchiseptica (Journal 2). In a comparison of the prn gene sequences of B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, the precursors were found to be homologous (journal 6). The mechanism in which pertactin promotes the adherence to the ciliated epithelial cells is unknown and no receptor has been found, It has been demonstrated by a number of groups that pertactin can be described as an immunoprotective antigen (Journal 2). Adenylate cyclase toxin/haemolysin Adenylate cyclase toxin, a 177 kDa polypeptide (book 1) is a highly toxic potent repeats in toxin (RTX) family and is a substrate of T1SS. This particular toxin consists of two functional molecules; adenylate cyclase domain which binds calmodulin and catalyses unregulated conversion of ATP to cAMP, and an RTX haemolytic domain which is responsible for the binding to target cells and translocating adenylate domain into the cytosol (journal 7). Evidence suggests that the increasing levels of cAMP produced can lead to a decrease in phagocytosis as well as inhibition of chemotaxis; this therefore affects a major part of the innate immune response book 1). ACT has the potential to play a role in adhesion by modifying a carbohydrate binding domain of FHA leading to an increased ability to bind to host cells. However, the main function of ACT appears to be its ability to inhibit the function of neutrophils (book 1). Pertussis Toxin (PT) – Type IV Secretion Pertussis toxin is a member of the AB5 toxin family, indicating it consists of five different subunits (book 2), with two copies of the subunit 2 together with single copies of S 2, 3 and 5 forming a pentameric ring. This mediates host cell receptor binding and the translocation of the S 1 subunit (ADP ribosyltransferase) (BOOK 4), it is considered the most complex bacterial toxin. Pertussis toxin is essential for bacterial virulence; it interferes with the mechanism used by host cells to remain in communication with the rest of the host’s body. Other affects include weight loss, elevated igE production, and increased sensitivity to histamine, serotonin and cold. While the pertussis toxin alters the behaviour of both human and animal cells, its ability to inhibit activation of the immune system in response to infection best explains its role in human whooping cough (book 2). A full understanding of Type IV secretion is yet to be achieved; however, it does provide a good example of the ability of bacteria to adapt groups of proteins to its new needs (book 4). Epidemiology In terms of epidemiological quantities, there are two fundamental aspects: the transmission rate and the length of the infectious period; these values determine the basic reproductive rate R0 (journal 13). The mucous membranes of the human respiratory tract are the natural habitat for Bordetella bacteria, although B. pertussis can survive outside the body for up to a few days and can be transmitted via contaminated items. Majority of infectors occur through direct contact with an infected individual (website 1). Prior to the 20th century was considered a terrible childhood disease, in 2008 it still occurs for approximately 195,000 deaths worldwide. Of these fatal cases 95% occurred in developing countries. Outbreaks have been found to be linked with incomplete or reduced immunisation of individuals. The vaccine formerly used was known as DTP and included antibodies diphtheria toxin (D), tetanus toxin (T) and pertussis (P); however, this vaccine has been replaced with a safer DTaP vaccine, reducing the side effects (website 2). Discussion Although many advances have been made, much remains to be discovered as to how the adhesions and toxins produced by the Bordetella species establish and maintain infection and development of disease.in host cell organisms. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7813/ WEBSITE 1 http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/pertussis/en/index.html WEBSITE 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082800/ JOURNAL 1 JOURNAL 2 http://cmr.asm.org/content/18/2/326.full.pdf+html JOURNAL 3 JOURNAL 4 JOURNAL 5 http://ac.els-cdn.com.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/S1438422104700168/1-s2.0-S1438422104700168-main.pdf?_tid=39b13536-78ce-11e3-a0ea-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1389231467_08ec4f32bf03d5b1bbcd2962a3d8df69 JOURNAL 6 http://ac.els-cdn.com.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/S1369527409000022/1-s2.0-S1369527409000022-main.pdf?_tid=5086535e-78ce-11e3-a61d-00000aacb35eacdnat=1389231506_264d1d5985a0ebc34a51cd5e2841829b JOURNAL 7 http://jb.asm.org/content/189/10/3695.long JOURNAL 8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC108527/pdf/ii004367.pdf JOURNAL 9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC98121/pdf/ii001983.pdf JOURNAL 10 http://jb.asm.org/content/186/17/5692.full.pdf JOURNAL 11 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1369527400001697/1-s2.0-S1369527400001697-main.pdf?_tid=51d25790-79a9-11e3-86be-00000aab0f02acdnat=1389325568_31e8be38dfd04481d06fa83d877cb8dd JOURNAL 12 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0966842X05001654/1-s2.0-S0966842X05001654-main.pdf?_tid=4baef94c-79ac-11e3-a8e6-00000aacb361acdnat=1389326846_4eecbd9c825cd7b16b288d3acc79fd7e JOURNAL 13 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=axeJ8Q9eJ3kCprintsec=frontcoverdq=bordetellahl=ensa=Xei=PlHNUqfFJMSt7Qa_-YCQCAredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=bordetellaf=false BOOK 1 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sTsC65kCJbUCpg=PA648dq=bordetellahl=ensa=Xei=PlHNUqfFJMSt7Qa_-YCQCAredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=bordetellaf=false BOOK 2 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FwGmyh2OUToCpg=PT575dq=bordetellahl=ensa=Xei=PlHNUqfFJMSt7Qa_-YCQCAredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=bordetellaf=false BOOK 3 BOOK 4 BACTERIAL MECHANISMS

Earth-Like Planets

Running head: Earth-Like Planets Earth-Like Planets T. Nailor Miller-Motte College Online Critical Thinking – GS235 Dr. Marshall Lloyd Earth-Like Planets Introduction Do you believe that there is life on other planets? Better yet, do you believe that there is another planet that looks like earth? As far as I can remember, there has always been the question of â€Å"is there life in outer space? I remember being in grade school wondering if there were humans or aliens on other planets and if they were trying to communicate with us. Around January 1986 the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded during takeoff in front of the entire world.As a teenager, this event was tragic and amazing at the same time because I felt that we were on our way to discovering new planets, solar systems, and other life forms. This tragic event was the start of my interest in outer space. Fast forward to 2012, the science community has greatly advanced our technology since the mid-eighties. Today, we have computers in everything, all types of space probes orbiting the universe, and unbelievable amounts of knowledge about outer space and other planets, but yet, and still, no proof of life in outer space. Will we ever know?Will we ever meet aliens? Only time will tell and personally I think we will, soon! After searching for an interesting subject to cover for this paper, I have discovered a very interesting article on the U. S. News website titled â€Å"Earth-Like Planet Found in Nearest Star System†. According to the article scientist say they have discovered a planet that looks like earth orbiting a star that bears a resemblance to our sun. The planet is said to be about 25 trillion miles away, making it very difficult for a space probe to reach the planet using current technology.It is estimated to take about 40,000 years to reach this planet, even though it is in the next closest planetary system to ours. â€Å"The planet, dubbed Alpha Centauri Bb, orbits a star in the Al pha Centauri system, a clump of three stars that are closer to us than any others in the night sky. It's called Alpha Centauri Bb because the planet orbits the clump's second-closest star, Alpha Centauri B (Cline, 2012)†. The question here is does this planet really exist, being that it is so far away?The science community and other publications believe that it does. The articles give some clues that are questionable and not all researchers agree that the planet is there. However, there are those who are absolutely convince that it actually exist. â€Å"The exquisitely high-quality data required to find an Earth-like planet doesn't just happen by chance,† UC Berkeley astronomer Geoff Marcy wrote in an email (Khan, 2012). The writer seems to be very interested in this subject, but he only presented a few sources to start with.The main source is the lead scientist along with ten other scientists, who first published the original paper detailing and describing the entire d iscovery at eso. org. The reasons to accept this is that the writer provides information in the article that quotes a well-known scientist named Xavier Dumusque, a scientist at Geneva Observatory and lead author of the paper that published the discovery. Plus, the recent findings of other earth like planets, the huge amount of evidence available and the shear advancement of our technology are all motives to continue our search.Use of a special instrument that detects signal variations attached to the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) telescope in La Silla, Chile (Cline S. , 2012), the excitement of the science community, and a special scientific technique called radial velocity (the velocity of an object in the direction of the line of sight) suggests this discovery is a major accomplishment. The writer also quoted Dumusque saying â€Å"It's an extraordinary discovery and it has pushed our technique to the limit! † (Cline S. , 2012). What technique or techniques is the sc ientist referring to?What are our technical and technological limits at this point in time? Although we are able to send man to the moon, build an international space station, and send space probes deep into outer space, does not necessarily explain our technological abilities in detail. However, this information does suggest to the public that we are getting closer and closer to discovering other earth like planets. â€Å"We can’t be alone† The science community is getting very close to discovering earth-like planets and extraterrestrial life in outer space. This is considered a alued assumption among many researchers and astronomers. To date, they have actually discovered more than 800 of these exoplanets amongst the billions and billions of stars in our galaxy. The more planets found like HD40307g, the more they resemble earth with earth-like characteristics (the spinning on its axis, having a night and a day, and orbiting in the habitable zone). Astronomers are als o finding them closer to our solar system. Another assumption of these findings are that humans are developing and advancing technology to communicate, navigate, and live in outer space in the near future.NASA said no candidate planet discovered thus far by Kepler â€Å"is exactly like Earth,† but noted that the spacecraft â€Å"has collected enough data to begin finding true sun-Earth analogs—Earth-size planets with a one-year orbit around stars similar to the sun. † (Poeter, 2012) According to space. com, private companies and NASA are working together to take the next step forward of launching humans into outer space. Entering the term space settlement, suggest that people can or will be living and working outside of earth, on the moon, mars, or in huge rotating orbital space settlements.The total energy resources of this solar system are about 2. 3 billion times the energy available on Earth. This is simply the Sun's energy output — and the Sun is an enormous nuclear fusion reactor that works perfectly right now, today, and is perfectly safe — or at least isn't going away (Globus, 2007). The claim regarding the existence of earth-like planets, do not contain any fallacies or reasoning tricks. The researchers, scientists, and astronomers are providing honest, verifiable, and creditable evidence regarding this subject.Their approach to discover earth-like planets may be from the heart and they may be very diligent in the exploration of the universe. Most of those involved including journalists who report these findings are well educated, intelligent, and experienced in the science of space study. â€Å"The interesting thing is that if they threw out some of their data, they got more precise measurements,† Eric Ford, an astronomer at the University of Florida at Gainesville, said in an interview (Khan, 2012). The use of misconceptions or myths would damage and be detrimental to their careers, reputation, and progress. Delusional reporting will only distort previous evidence of other exoplanets in outer space and therefore would challenge all findings. The clear and obvious evidence is the universal agreement among the science community in regards to the technological advancements, development of new techniques, quality of data and the cooperation and collaborative efforts of them all. The productivity of 21st century devices used to explore space produce unimaginable audio, visual, and tangible information that was never before possible.For example, the International Space Station is near completion, the Hubble Telescope orbits at the edge of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the recent landing of a space probe on Mars, are great accomplishments towards this effort in discovering life outside of earth. This supports the progression in science and is clear evidence that supports information reported by researchers, journalists, and scientists. The finding (of HD40307g) has yet to be confirmed by other ana lysis or observations. Not everyone is convinced this particular planet exists (Khan, 2012).There are those who are critical of the discovery of exoplanets. Eventually this will lead to more studies, research, and input on behalf of the critics. Either way this will also add to the efforts of space science as a whole. The conclusion is the science community and research scientists have found earth-like planets and we humans are closer to finding extraterrestrial life in outer space. According to several websites in the astronomer’s community, an extra-solar planet, or exoplanet, is a planet outside our Solar System but still within our Milky Way galaxy.A total of 846 such planets (665 planetary systems, including 126 multiple planetary systems) have been identified as of November 8, 2012, all of them within the Milky Way galaxy (â€Å"The extrasolar encyclopaedia,† 2012). Scientists around the world are very excited about the discovery of these exoplanets, especially A lpha Centauri Bb. According to The Independent and the L. A. Times, a new earth like planet that could have a climate that supports life and water adds to the excitement.The new planet, HD40307g is said to be in a multi-world solar system about 42 light years from our sun and sits at the right distance from its sun to allow liquid water on its surface. â€Å"It orbits well within in the stars habitable or Goldilocks zone – the region where temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold to sustain life (Hall, 2012). † With the discoveries of these planets and the rapid advancement of technology, discovering life in outer space appears to be believable and achievable. References 1. Cline, S. (2012, October 17).Earth-like planet found in nearest star system. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/news/articles/2012/10/17/earth-like-planet-found-in-nearest-star-system_print. html 2. The extrasolar encyclopaedia . (2012, November 8). Retrieved from http://exoplanet. eu/ 3. K han, A. (2012, November 7). Possible earth-like planet could hold water; scientists cautious. Retrieved from http://articles. latimes. com/2012/nov/07/science/la-sci-sn-earthlike-planet-water-atmosphere-red-light-20121107 4. Hall, J. (2012, November 8).Revealed: New earth-like planet that could have a life-supporting climate and water. Retrieved from http://www. independent. co. uk/news/science/revealed-new-earthlike-planet-that-could-have-a-lifesupporting-climate-and-water-8297750. html – (Hall, 2012) 5. Globus, A. (2007, August 2). Space settlement and war. Retrieved from http://www. space. com/4140-space-settlement-war. html – (Globus, 2007) 6. Poeter, D. (2012, November 17). NASA’s Kepler renews hunt for earth-like planets. Retrieved from http://www. pcmag. com/article2/0,2817,2412264,00. asp – (Poeter, 2012)

Self Discipline Diary

Most people went and had their showers in the morning before the activity but couldn't get up early enough and so instead I ad my shower during one of the activities which I got in trouble for and so to improve on this the next morning managed to get myself up earlier and have my shower before any activities started so it didn't interfere. After we had the introduction to this unit about discipline, I realized that sometimes I do not show very good self-control when in stressful situations.I remembered about this when was at work on Saturday when a customer got angry with me because she wanted to return a product. I remembered what my tutor had said about self-control being part of good discipline, and so anteed the situation differently. I felt really good afterwards. Am normally not good at arriving at places on time, and this week I have been getting up later and this has caused me to be late for college. Am annoyed with myself for allowing this to happen, and so I plan to go to b ed a bit earlier next week, so that can show good time keeping and punctuality. 3/09/2014 This week our course went on boot camp in the new forest during this We had to have good self-discipline, for example when we got there we had to set up camp and in pairs set up our tents independently after being shown how o do so by Phil. We also got put into groups and given a timetable of different activities that we had to take part in and so we had to be organized at time keeping and manage to get to each activity at the correct time. And finally we had to get up and out of our tents by 6:30 which was hard to do for some (Particularly Kerosene).During this week I forgot my ID badge on a couple occasions and have been told by the receptionists that I need to bring it in everyday. I also got told Off for swearing after getting frustrated with my tent, an area which will try my hardest to improve on. At boot camp was the first time I took part in drill, it was quite tricky and at first I cou ldn't get the hang of it and looked like I was going the goose step most of the time. However after working on it and practicing as a group managed to learn the basics and improve my marching and posture.It was particularly hard to wake up early at boot camp and so I was late to the first session. Also, buses during the week are 90% of the time late, which is fairly annoying as it impacts on my attendance. 30/09/2014 This week I have managed to remain focused in my lessons and have not allowed myself to become distracted by others. During the week a classmate tried to get my attention by throwing rolled up bits of paper at me. However, I managed to ignore it. I am happy that I have remained focused as wrote some good notes which I Can refer back to when I'm working on my assignment at a later date. M happy with the course and am finding it very interesting, which helps me ignore others who aren't showing the same interest in the sessions. I occasionally don't listen to what my tutor has said due to having earphones in at the time, an area at which I will improve on. Last year at sixth form was easily distracted by others and so wouldn't take down notes on the work we were doing this meant didn't have anything to help me on course work and revision material for exams and so I fell behind. Again the buses have been late this week, a very frustrating issue.I will attempt to wake up earlier in order to get an earlier bus into college, so am no longer late to the first session. 07/10/2014 This was our second lesson of drill and feel that I am getting more use to it and am learning more commands, the correct posture that I can apply during the session. I could improve my attention to Dale however I am getting distracted by others around me, rather than listening to the next instruction. I could also improve my timing and become more in time with the rest of the group. Have come a long way from the first session, and I now know a lot of moves and my timing is slowly improving.Our drill instructor is quite a quiet character and so it is quite hard to hear him at times during drill. 14/1 0/2014 Today we had a drill session and then had our first assignment with Phil, I paid my full attention to what was being said as it set the bar for future assignments and it was important that know what I was/will be doing. I could improve this week by managing my time and hobbies better alongside my college work. Perhaps cut certain aspects of my social life off in order to make sure I am applying the required amount of work.I made a progression this week by making sure I paid my full attention to Phil for our first assignment. Hadn't quite got use to Office 365 and therefore hadn't saved any of my work online; this meant that couldn't do any independent work at home. 21 / 10/ 2014 Enjoyed Marks session this week and found it very interesting. A couple classmates were fooling round near the back of my class and I managed to ignore it and carry on with the set work, which I am pleased with myself for. Could improve by being on time as I was late to a couple sessions in the morning due to the bus being late once again. Eve progressed this week by becoming more independent in my assignments and getting office 365 to work for me, and therefore I was able to do some work at home for a couple hours, which I'm happy about. One set back would be that during drill we were learning a new command (I think it was salutes) which just couldn't get he hang of, which was particularly frustrating for me. 28/1 0/2014 This week I enjoyed Phial's session as we were making paper airplanes and we had a budget on how many and which type we could make. My team lost miserably.However I became the leader of the team and despite my brilliant plane design (which was the most statically pleasing) other teams with their stupid dart planes managed to (in my opinion) cheat their way to victory. Work experience is quickly approaching and I have yet to do any preparatio ns for it. I should begin to start thinking about what I'll do and organize myself some more. This week have progressed by being a bit more organized with equipment and my timings for sessions have been much better. Office 365 was playing up again and I was not able to do any work at home for a couple days this week. 4/1 1/2014 This week we learned some new commands in drill which I managed to get the hang of. I paid a great deal of attention to what was being said and didn't get distracted nearly as much as usually would. Another week has gone by and I have still not done anything about work experience. Although I now have a few ideas on where to go. I have begun to come accustomed to the ark load and what is expected of us in college as it is very different to sixth form. I am finding the workload the right amount for me to take on and am not falling behind on work at all compared to last year.I struggled to find out what room I was in (due to construction work) and therefore I wa s around 5 minutes late to one of my sessions with Phil. 1 1/11/2014 This week we took a trip to RAFF Bribe Norton which was very interesting and paid my full attention to what was being said by the various military men and women who spoke to us. I didn't let anyone distract me and I thoroughly enjoyed the day. This week was late to a session due to bad time keeping and ignorance. I felt bad and I shall not do it again. I learnt a lot at RAFF Bribe Norton and now have a few more areas I would like to kick into within the military as a possible career path. Didn't quite understand part of an assignment this week and didn't say anything at the time so I now have to wait until next week in order to ask about my queries 1 8/1 1 /2014 This week we had Miles the PASO come in and talk to us about the chain of command and stop and search rules/techniques. I paid my full attention and made sure that I asked plenty of questions. I also volunteered for a demonstration I had to act out in front of the entire class. During the talk by miles I didn't take any notes, which Phil had a word to me about as it meant I then didn't have any notes to look back on for help during assignment work.I have progressed this week by becoming a more outspoken person and asking many questions, which has benefited the class and l. Was ill on Friday this week and so I missed an entire day of work, on which I will now have to catch up on. 25/11/2014 This week I decided to knuckle down at home and get some assignment work out of the way. I was very pleased with my independent work and it made me feel in front of my work load, rather than behind it. I decided not to go to enrichment this Wednesday and decided to do some assignment work which against college rules and is very irresponsible of me.It shouldn't happen again. Have made some great progress on assignments and am now in front of my work load which feels great and allows for some time to do some social things this week which I am looking forward to. I was late into college one day this week due to bus issues and so was a little late to one of my first sessions. 02/12/2014 Our second to last drill session was today and we have all begun to take the session a lot more seriously. I am no longer letting people distract me as much and am trying my hardest (despite the buses) to turn up to drill on time.

Nuclear Energy Essay - 679 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are sources of energy that are renewable and do not cause so many pollutants, however they only contribute a smaller amount to the energy pyramid. These sources include hydro-electric power, wind power, solar energy and biomass energy. Most of these fuel sources do not produce as much energy as efficiently as the majority of fuel sources used today. Solar power is a clean source of practically inexhaustible energy. Solar plants are easy to construct and solar power is safe. It has many uses from heating to direct electric energy generation. Wind power is also a clean source of energy, however it can be intermittent and low yielding. Moving along to hydro-electric energy generation which is used slightly†¦show more content†¦(H.E.R.I.). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many car companies today are preparing for the use of fuel cell power generation. Companies like Ford, Chrysler, and Honda are already developing or have already developed vehicles built to run from the fuel cells or transitional motors. These engines are designed to run more efficiently and more cost effectively than those of today. Commercial cars of today are getting increasingly more efficient due to the hundreds of thousands of engineers in the world making improvements to the internal combustion engine. When this number is compared to the 5000 people world-wide working to develop fuel cells it is easy to see the already efficient fuel cell in favor of the much developed combustion engine and the direction of fuel production for the future. Squeaky clean hydrogen operated buses are also being developed for mass transportation purposes. Transportation is a preliminary test to develop the use of the fuel cell and can easily be converted into other uses. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is important for the consumers to realize the magnitude of the energy situation and strive to provide their children with the tools and the education to properly conserve the resources available. These simple tasks can start in the home and can be easily applied to everyday life. 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